Women in Distress in Literature free essay sample

An examination of two ladies in trouble in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar and Elizabeth Smarts By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept. This paper dissects Esther Greenwoods By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept and Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar. Specifically, the paper inspects the two ladies in the accounts and their issues in the public eye. One may ponder, the paper proposes, how much individuals are answerable for their own joy throughout everyday life. On account of Esther Greenwood and the lady from By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept, the paper demonstrates, the various conditions encompassing their trouble assume a vital job in deciding their passionate results. She feels that Doreen taints her and rejects her as a companion, AI concluded I would watch her and tune in to what she stated, yet where it counts I would have nothing to do with her. We will compose a custom article test on Ladies in Distress in Literature or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Where it counts, I would be faithful to Betsy and her guiltless companions. It was Betsy I taken after on a fundamental level.

OBJECTIVE data collection of a patient who has Peripheral Vascular Coursework

Target information assortment of a patient who has Peripheral Vascular Disease - Coursework Example Along these lines, this demonstrates she is at a higher danger of getting a fringe vascular related sickness. Her condition of wellbeing was well until 9pm the night she answered to the emergency clinic. She portrays that her torment started on her lower leg when she was moving her furniture in her parlor. She took some torment executioners yet when the agony further continued, her significant other chose to acquire her for a registration. She precluded any structure from securing discombobulation, queasiness, retching and diaphoresis. On her physical assessment, her appearance is that of a marginally thin white lady lying on the bed with a sign of serious torment in her toes.She is whining of havingvery extreme leg cramps. In light of the suspicions of the manifestations showed by the patient, analytic strategies for fringe vascular infections are completed. An angiogram is directed on the veins and corridors so as to recognize any type of blockage of the vessels. The Doppler strategy is likewise led in order to gauge the entrance of the progression of blood. The last test directed is that of the treadmill practice where by the patient is required to stroll on the treadmill so as to screen her heartbeat rate (Weber, Kelly and Sprengle, 2014). On examination of the chest and lungs there means that bibasilar rales. The stomach moves marginally well during breath, percussion there are indications of bluntness and no rhonchi, rubs and wheezes. The x-beam produced likewise shows the results of the tobacco utilize that the patient is breathing in into her framework as bluntness is found in the chest area. On assessment of the heart and neck vessel, the cardiovascular assessment shows that there are no hives or excites. The musicality is standard with an additional heartbeat. The ordinary s1/s2 is barely part. There is a positive s4 run. 2/4 systolic infusion mumble is being heard at the left sternal outskirt with no radiation. The beats can be noted for the sharp carotid upstrokes. The aspiratory vessel in

College Essay Samples and Free Writing Tips

College Essay Samples and Free Writing TipsThere are many different types of writing assignments you can do in college. Each assignment is a separate assignment, and you have to complete that particular assignment according to the instructions stated on it. Students are always curious about what the papers look like once they are finished and asked to submit them for grading.Assignment examples and proofreading services are two great ways to get sample essays and how they are read. These writers provide proofreading, editing, and format for your assignment, and they can write a sample essay for you free of charge.Assignments are supposed to be fun for the student. Not every assignment should be critical and should be written in a simple manner. If you write an essay for college, you should consider your assignment to be fun as well. Assignments that make you think harder are much more likely to be retained.Professional grade essay samples are a valuable tool for students. These essay s will help you with your assignment. The college course syllabus will usually have information on what is not acceptable for each grade. Using these samples will improve your grade and give you an idea of how the teacher grades the assignment.It is important to note that the grade point average also has some correlation to GPA. For instance, if you have a 30-point average and you did poorly on an assignment, your grade is going to be lower than someone who has a higher grade point average. Therefore, using grade point averages for class comparisons is an excellent way to judge a student's performance. There are a number of online resources that provide grade point averages and trends, and there are many free books that can be downloaded from the internet.College essay samples are also available on the internet. You can download them at no cost. College writing samples can be found at numerous sites, including my college essay samples. These sites offer free writing resources and al so teach students how to write an essay.In addition to the essay samples, these websites also offer tips for writing a paper and how to use them to your advantage. They give advice on what to avoid and how to be successful. Some of the websites also contain free videos on various topics that can be used by the students.Students should take advantage of all resources available to help them prepare for their own essays. It is a good idea to obtain college writing samples and free essay tips to make sure that you are writing an essay that is going to be professional and get you a good grade.

Twelfth Night Essays Three Types of Love - 930 Words

Three Types of Love in Twelfth Night In the play Twelfth Night, Shakespeare explores and illustrates the emotion of love with precise detail. According to Websters New World Dictionary, love is defined as a strong affection or liking for someone. Throughout the play Shakespeare examines three different types of love: true love, self love and friendship. Twelfth Night consists of a large number of love triangles, however many of the characters who are tangled up in the web of love are blind to see that their emotions and feelings toward other characters are untrue and based merely on falsification. They are being deceived by themselves and/or the others around them. There are certain instances in the play where the†¦show more content†¦Viola was now caught in a terrible situation and there was only one way out, but that would jeopardize her chances with Orsino. Its amazing that Olivia could fall for a woman dressed as a man, but because Viola knew what women like to hear, her words won Olivias heart. The next case of true love is on a less intimate and romantic scale, and more family oriented. Viola and Sebastians love for one another is a bond felt by the majority of siblings. Through their times of sorrow and mourning for each of their apparent deaths they still loved each other. They believed deep down that maybe someway or by some miracle that each of them was still alive and well. Many people, even in todays society, love themselves more then anything else or in other words lead a rather egocentric existence. Twelfth Night addresses the issue of self love and how it affects people’s lives. Malvolio is the easiest to identify with the problem of self love. He sees himself as a handsome and noble man, even if others do not share this opinion. Malvolio believes many women would love to be with him. He likes to see things one way only, and he deceives himself just to suit his outlook on the situation. One particular example in the play is when he manipulates Olivias words to make it seem as if she admires his yellow cross-gartered stockings, when she really despises them. Both Sir Toby and Olivia show signs of selfShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Romantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night1505 Words   |  7 PagesRomantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night In all of Shakespeares plays, there is a definitive style present, a style he perfected. From his very first play (The Comedy of Errors) to his very last (The Tempest), he uses unique symbolism and descriptive poetry to express and explain the actions and events he writes about. Twelfth Night, The Tempest and A Midsummer Nights Dream are all tragicomedies that epitomise the best use of the themes and ideologyRead More The Theme of Love in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pages The Theme of Love in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night In Twelfth Night, Shakespeare focuses strongly on the theme of love; romantic love, friendship, brotherly and sisterly love, unrealistic love and self-love. In this essay I am going to explore these aspects and write about the different sides of love in the play, such as humour and suffering. We find that in Twelfth Night love is a very complicated thing and confusion often occurs. At the beginning of the playRead More Comparing the Love of Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night and the Bible4838 Words   |  20 Pagesuniversal meaning as love. It is an integral part of the human condition. Love is the basis for by which all other emotions can be gauged. Friendship and even grief are steeped in love. Love is so central to our lives that it is fitting and proper that it should be the topic of so much discussion. Every culture and every writer has some commentary or evaluation of love. The New Testament has its share of love commentary. The entire basis of the Christian tradition is Gods love for humanity. God soRead MoreMy First Year Of College1669 Words   |  7 PagesThis means you yourself aren’t exactly a priority or concern of a university of such large scales. At least that is how I felt after the failure of my second semester of college. THESIS STATEMENT HERE PLEASE It was the first week in February at about three o’clock in the morning when the first wave of pain and agony hit. I jumped down from my fully lofted dorm bed and sprinted into the bathroom emptying my stomach into my shared toilet thankful that my suitemate barely stayed in our hall during the weekRead MoreInferno And The Divine Comedy1834 Words   |  8 Pagesdraws on medieval theology to share the modern view on God and the afterlife. This essay explores Dante’s perception of the universe and man’s place in it. Throughout Inferno, Dante provides a unique perspective on his view of sin and justice—these views a direct result of Dante’s own beliefs and the current political situation in Florence. A major theme that Inferno underscores is that God represents justice and love. His justice can be seen in Hell as the magnitude of each sin corresponds to theRead More The Roaring Girl Essay3978 Words   |  16 PagesRoaring Girl Though its primary function is usually plot driven--as a source of humor and a means to effect changes in characters through disguise and deception—cross dressing is also a sociological motif involving gendered play. My earlier essay on the use of the motif in Shakespeares plays pointed out that cross dressing has been discussed as a symptom of a radical discontinuity in the meaning of the family (Belsey 178), as cul-tural anxiety over the destabilization of the social hierarchyRead More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 Pagesin the lives and careers of the two writers are remarkably striking. Both were born in provincial small towns but found their eventual success in metropolitan cities, Shakespeare in London and Faulkner in New York and Hollywood. Both had a great love of nature and the rural outdoors. Neither received a great deal of formal education. Both started out as poets but shortly turned to other narrative forms, Faulkner to fiction and Shakespeare to drama. Both had extramarital affairs that were reflectedRead MoreKautilyas Theory10704 Words   |  43 PagesWrite an essay on Kautilyas theory of state? Abstract:  Kautilya was the key adviser to the Indian king Chandragupta Maurya (c. 317-293 B.C.E.), who first united the Indian subcontinent in empire. Written about 300 B.C.E., KautilyasArthasastra  was a science of politics intended to teach a wise king how to govern. In this work,  Kautilya offers wide-ranging and truly fascinating discussions on war and diplomacy, including his wish to have his king become a world conqueror, his analysis of which kingdomsRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagessuspect by interlarding them with theoretical passages, or to make certain doctrines seem less strange by administering them in small doses, or to demonstrate the equal validity of the magical and philosophical material, or for a combination of all three reasons. At all events, a similar method of presentation is apparent in one of the principal sources of The Aim of the Sage, the encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Ihwà ¢n al-Safà ¢). What follows is a surve y of the whole, with a sketch of the sourcesRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesrange of social changes that would begin to pave the way for a genuine literature for children. Perhaps the most significant development was the invention of the movable-type printing press that made it possible to print books in quantities, increasing literacy and dissemination of knowledge. The crusades of the eleventh and twelfth centuries opened trade routes and introduced new texts into Europe which in turn furthered knowledge and literacy. In addition, the development of the â€Å"New World† created

Essay on Business Ethics

Business persons perceive ethics as a means of avoiding those actions that will make the business conflict with the law. An individual should then not break the law in one’s work-related activity. This means avoiding those practices that are likely to attract civil law suits against the organization one is working for. Ethical conduct to them may also mean that the employees should also avoid those practices that are likely to bring bad corporate image for the company. Ethics goes beyond this formal understanding of the subject. The issue of right and wrong has been with us for long, religion and culture has tried to address it (Anscombe 1). Ethics are important, not just in business but in personal life as well (Kelly 160). When ethics in business is fairly new, ethics in personal life has always been there and has to a great degree taken religious dimension. The ethic of reciprocity is the ultimate maxim in moral or ethical conduct. Personal ethics determines work place ethics. Personally, I have made my commitment or ethics, but making a commitment to ethics is not enough to make one ethical. To be ethical requires a systemic approach in the never ending goal of being ethical. The ethical issues in my life confront me every time I am making a decision. The question has now always been that because I have made my commitment to be ethical, is the decision that I have made, or I am about to make in line with my commitment? In Islam, law and ethics are embedded in the worshiper’s obligation to God and therefore both law and ethics are not required (Solomon 65). For a Muslim, ethics as we know it may take a back sta ge. However, ethics has now moved from the periphery and taken a central part in my everyday life. There has been a ranging debate on to whether ethics are emotions or thoughts. It is true that the debate is intellectual, but there is no denying that there are some elements of both. I have found that in any ethical situation, I act first and then think later. But when confronted by a new ethical situation I sometimes think before acting. As I have already discussed, being ethical requires a high degree of self awareness and undivided commitment. I find myself every day reviewing my actions to determine whether I have been ethical. I have learned that ethics is never about self. It is about the welfare of the other. Most misunderstanding in the business and work place are brought about by centering on self and not reaching out to others. Being ethical ensures everyone’s success because of the harmony that obtains. But because being unethical can be much easier, it is sometimes more advantageous to be unethical than being ethical. The Cohort 8 story is developing from a personal encounter with ethical questions and then moves on to religious understanding of ethics and then examines how religious beliefs impacts on our personal ethics. The choice of being ethical is important because we can influence others by our conduct. A business that is ethical in all its dealings will tend to make its partners to be ethical also. As I continue with my commitment to be ethical, people note and tend to treat me nearly the same as I treat them. I feel that ethics should go beyond the obligations of the law to the vey private spheres of our lives. Unfortunately not many people can buy that and this idea is not well received in most parts of the world that do not have strong cultural and religion back ground (Blackburn 48). Ethics should not be based on humanistic philosophies only but both on law and personal principles. Works Cited Anscombe, Gray. â€Å"Modern Moral philosophy.† Philosophy, 33 (1958): 1-19 Blackburn, Sam. Being good: A short introduction to ethics. Oxford: Oxford University press,2001 Kelly, Eugene. The basics of Western philosophy. Greenwood press, 2006 Solomon, Richard. Morality and Good life: An introduction to Ethics through Classical Sources, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984

Examining Themes in Heart of Darkness Essay - 844 Words

Joseph Conrad wrote the book, Heart of Darkness, in 1898. He wrote this book touching on many different themes such as imperialism and commerce, darkness imagery, dream and nightmare, isolation, mental and physical illness, truth, and journey. Although all the themes are important to make Heart of Darkness complete, three prevail overall: imperialism and commerce, truth, and journey. Being the author of the book, Joseph Conrad had a personal connection to it. He took his own journey down the Congo River and like Marlow, said that as a child his dreams were to grow up and explore the heart of Africa. A family member also recommended Conrad to a company. Joseph Conrad experienced the heart of darkness, that could be a reason why his book†¦show more content†¦The company was corrupt, and with its power and control over the natives, operated entirely for the sole purpose of obtaining ivory. Marlow told of a time when the civilized world was discovering the untamed British Isles, and in comparison of how the British are now discovering the unexplored areas of the world. Thinking from the point of view of a commander, Marlow explains the feelings of trying to conquer and over power swinish land. In some inland post feel savagery, the utter savagery, had closed round him, - all that mysterious life of the wilderness that stirs in the forest, in the jungles, in the hearts of wild men. There is no initiation either into such mysteries. He has to live in the midst of the incomprehensible, which is also detestable. And it has a fascination, too, which goes to work upon him. The fascination of the abomination-you know, imagine the growing regrets, the longing to escape, the powerless disgust, the surrender, the hate. Part 1, page 31 All through Marlows journey he encounters many accounts of torture, cruelty, and slavery mainly pertaining to the natives. It is no accident that the narrator introduced the reader to Marlow while on a journey. The story Marlow unravels also takes place on a journey. Marlows apparent journey takes him from his childhood, as a boy dreaming of filling empty spaces on maps, to the middle of Africa. An intimate possession to understand the secrets of the unknown pushes him downShow MoreRelated The Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Very often in literature minor characters appear for only a short time in the story but carry a very heavy significance in the overall meaning of the book. Kurtz’s Intended, in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, is this kind of character. The unnamed woman only appears for a brief period at the end of the novel, but Conrad includes her for three very crucial reasons. He has Kurtz’s fiancà ©e appear to provide a justification forRead MoreThe Journey In â€Å"Heart Of Darkness† Spans Not Only The Capricious1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe journey in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† spans not only the capricious waters extending our physical world, but also the perplexing ocean which exists in the heart of man. Through Marlow s somewhat overenthusiastic eyes, we perceive the mystery that is humanity, and the blurred line between darkness and light. It is an expedition into the deepest crevices of the human heart and mind bringing on an awareness, and finally de scending into the abyss of hell abiding in each of us. Conrad’s use of wordplayRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Heart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now1353 Words   |  6 Pageslearned that it was sort of based on Joseph Conrads famous novella, Heart of Darkness. Conrads book, the tale of the sailor Marlowes African adventure, is a study on the evils of colonialism. The two stories at first glance do not seem very similar, but after examining both, it is quite shocking the degree of similarity between the two. Many people have been able to draw comparisons to Joseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness and Francis Ford Coppolas film Apocalypse Now, but the two are by noRead More Colonization and Wealth in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1627 Words   |  7 PagesConrads Heart of Darkness and Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart The novels Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe share a common theme; both deal with the colonization of Africa by settlers from Europe. When one examines the motives for this imperialist attitude in each book, one notices that in both books the motivation for colonization revolves around the gaining of wealth. However Conrad and Achebe define wealth differently. In Heart of Darkness the EuropeansRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India1683 Words   |  7 Pages It is best to analyze the works, Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India, applying the historical and cultural conditions of the society in which they were produced. The relations between groups and classes of people that imperialism sets up, and that these two works explore, starkly reveals the contradictions within capitalism in a way that a similar piece of fiction set within one culture and dealing with characters from that culture alone cannot. Prior to the analysis however, I would likeRead More Marx’s Communist Manifesto and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesMarx’s Communist Manifesto and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness  Ã‚     Ã‚   From social relationships to political power structures, all aspects of society were changed by the technology innovations of the industrial revolution. Manufacturing goods on a mass scale led to the development of an entirely new worker who’s success now depended on his ability to operate machines rather than his talent as a craftsman. The steam engine revolutionized modes of transportation: trains and railroads were implementedRead MoreScientific Progression in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and the Film, Blade Runner1184 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† is an early 19th century cautionary tale examining the dark, self-destructive side of human reality and human soul. It is written in the Romantic era where society greatly valued scientific and technological advancement. Throughout the novel, Shelley expresses her concerns of extreme danger when man transgresses science and all ethical values are disregarded. The implications of deb atable experimentation and thriving ambition could evoke on humanity are explored in theRead MoreThe Road, By Cormac Mccarthy1609 Words   |  7 Pagesplace to live after the catastrophic event. The son is the only reason for the father to survive in the post-apocalyptic world. Although there are many themes in this novel, one theme that has great influence in the novel is the theme of paternal love. This paper will present the scenes that focus on the theme of the paternal love. While examining these scenes, the reader will see the unconditional love of a father for his son. The reader will see how the father’s love for his son drives him to surviveRead MorePaternal Love In Cormac Mccarthys The Road1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theme Analysis Essay on The Road: Paternal Love In order for a child to live in a complete and happy family, the paternal love plays a major role in a child’s life, especially the love of a father which is as much important as a mother’s love. Moreover, a father’s love is one of the greatest influences on the child’s personality development throughout his/her life. A father’s love brings a sense of protection of security in a child. In the novel The Road, Cormac McCarthy present the great exampleRead MoreTheme Of The Tornado Child1090 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Wickedness†: Examining the Theme of Darkness in Kwame Dawes â€Å"The Tornado Child†, Gwendolyn Brooks â€Å"We Real Cool,† and Ai â€Å"The Kid† American author and poet, Kwame Dawes, in his poem Tornado Child (which was written during the Harlem Renaissance for Rosalie Richardson) writes about the life of an African-American woman (Richardson) who often had to deal with racism and oppression. Gwendolyn Brooks, American writer and poet, wrote the poem â€Å"We Real Cool† (during the 1960’s assassination of the

Examine the Implications for the Organization of an Ageing Workforce in Australia free essay sample

Introduction Over the past decades, Australia, as a whole, has been facing the challenges of aging workforce which present difficulties not only for small business but also large enterprise. Proven by many researchers, niche capabilities and potential development of any organization are largely dependent on its employees. Geok, Pok and Noi [2002 pp9] claim that â€Å"the impact of graying population on country’s social and welfare systems, infrastructures as well as economic growth is substantial, several developed nations have been promoted and adopted social policies to address this specific issue†. Many business cases studies regard mature workers at the age of 45 and over are as ageing workforces who are believed to introduce difficulties in business planning and strategies to retain and sustain the balance in workforce within an organization. At the same time, it cannot be denied that the present of older generation within an organization is absolutely essential in term of providing necessary knowledge and working experiences to the younger generation worker. Therefore, it is important for organizations to examine the implications of Australian ageing workforce in order to achieve its targets and development. This paper will discuss the demographics of Australian population and workforce. Benefit of mature workforce within an organization will also be addressed. The consequences of ageing workforce will in turn be examined by in term of Human Resource management as well as cost and productivity level of the company. Finally, this study attempts to indicate certain management measures to maximize the productivity of ageing workforce. The demographics of Australian population and workforce Firstly, it is essential to examine the Australian population as ageing within population will most likely lead to the ageing in the workforce. It can be indentified that the current ageing population within Australia is primarily due to the rapid decreasing in the birth ratio. The fundamental reason behind such decreasing ratio is due the post World War II â€Å"baby boomer† generations that is entering to the age of retirement in the next ten years. In the mean time, birth rate is considerably lower within Australia. The proportion of people aged 65 years and over in Australia has witnessed an increase of 12. 9% between June 2004 and June 2009 [Australia Bureau of Statistics 2009 cat. no. 3235. 0]. In addition, there is an increase in the average life expectancy as a result of the improvements in health and advances in medical service. This emphasizes that there is currently a larger number of older people than ever before and according to Productivity Commission 2005, this trend will continue for several decades. Furthermore, the current generations tend to marry in a later age and have fewer children than previous generation. According to Australia Bureau of Statistics [cat. no. 3306. 0. 55. 001], the median age of males getting married in 2007 was at the age of 31. 6 and that of females was 29. 3. Both males and females median age at marriage has been increasing gradually over the past 20 years. Moreover, in recent decades, there has been tendency for women to delay childbearing until forties, not to mentioned some remained childless [Australia Institute of Health and Welfare cat. o. PER 50]. These have resulted in a rather low supply of young employees while older employees are retiring and leaving the workforce. Figure 1: Average age of full time workers and civilian population ages 15-64 years Source: Parliamentary Library Over the past two decades, workforce has been ageing faster than the general population. The chart indicates that the average age of the civilian population in 2004 is 2. 2 years greater than it was in 1994, rising from 36. 6 to 38. 8 years. On the other hand, an increase in the average of all full-time workers of 3. years, from 35. 9 to 39. 4 can be observed in figure 1. The workforce ageing faster than population is because of the participation of baby boomer women later in life. As a result of social reason such as financial pressure, there is an increase in the number of women in the labor market. The average age of full-time female worker has risen by 5. 6 to 38. 5 years [Parliament of Australia]. Women have been moving to part-time jobs that have more advantages for them than previous decades. Another factor which impacts on the ageing workforce is hat there is currently a trend for mature aged worker to keep working past their retirement age as they still possess the physical capability to make a significant contribution to the economic growth of Australia. Essentially, with the advancement in medical system, people are able to have better health care and in turn live longer life. Consequently, the working period of aging workers can be much longer as their ability and flexibility is still sufficient for the allocated tasks. This in turn affects the decision to retire as it is directly related to required physical capability. Current government’s policies and incentives reflected that the retirement decision, nowadays, depends not only on the organizations but also on individual. Benefits of a mature workforce Current status of ageing population is a controversial topic in society. This requires companies to pay more attention to older personnel resources. Majority of older employees believe that they are still at the peak of their job performance. Organizations with its main employees are matured workers; therefore, need to consider the benefit of its older generation staff in order to look for appropriate measures to attract and retain older workforce. Firstly, flexibility, maturity and patience are one of the most important benefits of the ageing workforce. With the older employee’s experiences, better quality work will be ensured which allow business to reduce a significant amount of production cost. In addition, older employees can help company maintain a stable workforce, reliability, and dedication to work. Secondly, the older generation workers have higher working morality in punctuality as well as ensuring the completion of assigned tasks. Moreover, honesty is the common characteristics of older workers. They understand the value of life, the causes and effects of working and social relationships as well as responsibility. As a result, older generation workers will always come to ensure the integrity of their action by dedicating it to the truth. Furthermore, the intangible value of older workers is meticulous, thorough, focused and attentive which can help companies to deliver a higher quality work package and in turn gaining better niche reputation in the market. Additionally, older workers are also valuable resources within a company as they have the ability to listen and understand the objective of a given task. Therefore, when they are allocated a duty, with certain working experiences, the mature workers know what needs to be done within the entire process to finish their job. They are likely to be more efficient and productive. Next, older employees tend to have more pride within their completed tasks in term of quality which can be difficult to find in younger employees. The younger employees are not attentive with the assigned work which can be completed without any further consideration on quality and improvement of their work. Comparatively, older employees will more likely to spend more time to measure and improve the quality of their given tasks. Older employees understand that working for a company that has meaningful life rather than getting a monthly wage. They are more likely to spend more time, while receive similar wages to complete their assigned tasks as well as fulfilling their goal in life Besides, performance and trust, mutual sharing ideas and advice have made older workers become more ideal. These years of experience working in various fields had given the employees a great insight on how to have the work done more efficiently, saving more time and money for the company [NSW Business Chamber]. Compared to younger workers, older workers with broader experience have greater ability to solve certain problems such as communication or technical errors that might arise during the completion of their task. With their good organizational, planning skills as well as competencies that are built over the years, the mature aged workers have the ability to face and troubleshoot errors without seeking advice from colleagues and high management. Moreover, through experience, older generation workforces also possess better communication skill to negotiate and persuade partners in order to achieve the objectives. These skills allow them to be flexible in a difficult situation. The better working practice and morality characterized older employees as essential resources which can lead to positive influence on other younger employees. Consequently, they can become excellent teachers, the typical example, helping to train other staff to be more reliable and efficient [NSW Business Chamber]. In general, business owner should no longer wonder on whether or not to recruit older workers and should recognize benefits of ageing workforce. The competencies and reliability of older workers ensure that their recruitment become truly more productive and efficient than hiring a younger labor force. With the buildup experience as well as the ability to think thoroughly, older employees should be considered for further business recruitment. A report from Queensland Government states that â€Å"Studies of older people in the workforce have also found that they are flexible in their working hours and conditions, and have good coping skills when faced with changes†. Companies who value to the reliability, competencies and working morality within their employees should consciously consider hiring mature workforce. Their contribution and performance can have positive impact on the company’s turnover and profit for years. Consequences of an aging workforce The aging workforce in Australia has caused certain economic and social concerns such as labor shortage when personnel resources reach retirement stage, difficulty in planning [Shacklock 2005] and aged care workforce issue [Spoehn 2008] and [Kryger 2005]. To begin with, the proportion of ageing population in Australia is increasing, in fact, people aged 65 years is predicted to take 25% of total population in 2045 [Spoehn 2008]. This may lead to labor crisis which is forecasted with a shortage of 1. 4 million skill workers in various industries within Australia [Hannah 2009]. In general, the labor shortage affects not only entrepreneurs but also the government. The shortage is mostly on scientific and technical fields which requires high level of knowledge as well as the necessary skilled and experience. According to [Hudson 2004], within 12 years from 1982 to 2000, the requirement of post-secondary increased more than 50%. Meanwhile, the Hudson study [2004] also showed that nearly 60% of Australian at the age of 17 studying year 12 did not go on to tertiary education in 2001. This information presents a long term a problem for Australian’s scientific and technical industry as it will not be having enough talent pool for further research and development. Essentially, this would lead to the degradation in Australia’s academy system, technical advancement and future development. To the government, high rate of retirement is possibly synonymous with social concern as well as welfare problems. In 2004, the Australian Federal Treasurer – Peter Costello called people to keep working longer since the national budget was suffered rising demand by high aging population [Eric 2005]. Moreover, in the term of human resource, companies are also facing difficulties in personnel planning when choosing the suitable candidates for any specific tasks. For companies to succeed in their respective market human resource planning plays a significant role in term of delegating tasks effectively and efficiently. According to various study, the longer the period of time an aging personnel works, the more difficult it is for human resource department to come up with a scheme to manage and sustain the workforce balance within a company. To clarify the aforementioned point, it is rather ambiguous for either human resource or management to predict the exact retirement day for an aging worker. If retirement day for aging worker is not clearly defined, human resource department may not be able to recruit the appropriate replacement in time to continue the delay works. This delay works would in turn introduce costs in every aspect of the company as productivity level is reduced and it takes time and effort to find and train suitable candidate for the vacancy. [Patrickson and Ranjin 2008]. Therefore, high level of collaboration as well as management had to be performed in order to produce an appropriate future personnel panning. It takes time and effort to find and test if one person is suitable for the vacancy in company or not. In term of salary and cost, due to the experience and responsibility senior employees possess, the company, by nature, will have to assign a relatively high portion of its turnover as salary for older generation worker [Hudson 2004]. Furthermore, aged care workforce issue is one other large amount of cost that Australian government has to solve. Generally, there is currently an imbalance of gender and age in workforce, the lack of health care staff as well as the variety of health care package amongst industries. High number of woman and old people in workforce may lead to increase of cost budget raised from maternity care, incident care, and retirement pension. As a result, companies and government had to allocate large sum of money for ageing workers. According to Spoehn [2008], community aged care rose 6 times from 1995 to 2003 and from 2001 to 2006 and this led to the aged care package went up to 48%. As mentioned above, having older eneration worker would introduce certain benefits into the company’s profile, however, with the rapid developing rate of technology, it was studied that the old worker may find it difficult to accept and adapt to new changes [Patrickson and Ranjin 2008]. For instance, various survey has been done and shown that worker in the age of 65 and over normally assume that new technology is ha rd to deal with. On the other hand, it seems rather easier for younger employee to accept changes and quickly adapt with the new technology in order to complete their tasks at a higher productivity level. Thus, having to train the older workers with new set of skills and technology will result in a large amount of cost as well as time which might be utilized for other aspect of the company. In fact, Patrickson and Ranjin [2008] concluded, human’s ability and flexibility weakens as they age, especially when they reach seventy. However, with the extensive working experience in the industry, it was shown by many research authors, working procedures and strategies resulting from ageing worker increase the effectiveness of the work when compared to the younger generation worker’s [Hudson 2004]. Managing an ageing workforce As a result of a continuing ageing workforce in Australia, it is necessary that all the involved parties such as the government, the trade union and firms implement different policies in order to maximize the benefits of an ageing workforce and reduce the negative aspects. The Australian government and the labor union could essentially cooperate to support mature aged workers. According to Patrickson and Ranzjin (2005), the government has enforced a policy that allows workers to receive higher pension welfare if they continue to work at the age of 65 and over. This incentive is done to encourage older employees to devote their experience to the economic growth for a longer period of time. Moreover, in 2005, the Queensland government has implemented the â€Å"recreation leave on half-pay† policy [Price and Colley 2007 p11]. Essentially, the working age of labor force can be lengthening by the extension of leave which provide the social balance for mature aged workers. Price and Colley [2007] also suggested that the Queensland public services have been supporting older workers to have a social balance between life and work by providing flexibility in the workplace location such as working at home. Apart from the direct assistance for workers, the government’s policies also aim to help employers. These legislations consist of statements revolving around the advantages of employing older workers such as the public acknowledgment for firm’s marketing plan [Patrickson and Ranzjin 2005]. In addition, the labor union has also assisted the government to enforce appropriate policies to an ageing workforce. An example of this is Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU)’s campaign to mobilize proper working hours. ACTU’s campaign has leaded the Queensland government to negotiate with enterprises and develop the workload management methods in order to monitor the employees’ issues [Price and Colley 2007]. Managing mature aged workforce is rather difficult for organizations and firms. It was indicated that managers must confront the conflict between the special values of older workers and the requirement sustaining the efficiency and productive capacity [Patrickson and Ranzjin 2005]. However, as it was mentioned above, mature aged workers can benefit firms with their experience while young workers might be dynamic with technology and innovation but tend to lack working experience. Therefore, manager should maintain an ageing diversity workforce. Moreover, firms and organizations should also encourage older workers continue to devote their working ability for longer period of time so that the experience of ageing employees can be best valued. There are four main human resource management strategies that managers can follow to keep older workers stay with their organizations. First of all, as older employees may have devoted to the companies for long time, it is necessary that the firms have a database of information about them such as their expectations and their opinion [Patrickson and Ranzjin 2005]. Although the elderly worker may not be able to acquire new knowledge as quickly as the younger generation do, ageing workers can still be retrained. In reality, according to Burke and Ng [2006], younger employees are likely to be disloyal and can quickly change their jobs because of their desire to grow higher in their career’s â€Å"ladder†. Meanwhile, older workers are possibly worth training as they will continue to contribute to the firms after they are trained. Furthermore, the employment of ageing workers with the aim to train other employees is probably a common but useful HR management strategy. For small and medium firms, this strategy which is also referred to as â€Å"on – the – job training (OJT)† will ensure that the transfer of experience and knowledge from the former generation to the new employees [Beaver and Hutchings 2005 p9]. This allows managers to not only utilize the experience of ageing workforce but at the same time reducing the cost of training new employees. Finally, since the problem of health is the major reason why older workers decide to retire, managers should take actions in order to improve workers’ well – being. For example, it was explained that the improvement in working condition to prevent occupational illnesses as well as a better assistance for workers who have health problems can increase the working age of the workforce [Ilmarinen 2006]. Conclusion Human resource is the most important key in maintaining productivity in a company in particular and in an economy in general. That is why employers and government is putting effort into encouraging people to remain at work as long as they can by introducing certain policies and incentives such as guarantying the health care, welfare, extra-education as well as increasing the role of labor union. Furthermore, within an organization, managers are responsible to create an equal opportunity during recruiting process for all workers regardless of age as well as the experience of the employee. It is necessary for human resource department to manage and sustain the balance in company’s workforce which ultimately will bring out the potential for future success. References BEAVER G and HUTCHINGS K [2005] â€Å"Training and developing an age diverse workforce in small medium enterprises: The need for a strategic approach† Education and Training Vol. 47 Issue 8/9 pp 592 – 604 BURKE R and NG E [2006] â€Å"The changing nature of work and organizations: implications for human resource management† Human Resource Management Review Vol. 6 Issue 2 June pp 86 – 94 FED: Australia Faces Shortage Of 100,000 Tradespeople, says MBA. [1 June]. AAP General News Wire,1. Retrieved March 29 2011, from Academic Research Library. 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